Bibliography

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Cyanide Bibliography

*Citations are listed in alphabetical order in each section. Citations published in English, but not only in other languages, are included.

1. Citations on Acute Cyanide Poisoning

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Cyanide toxicity. Am Fam Phys 1993;48:107-114.

Anonymous. Epidemiologic notes and reports: cyanide poisonings associated with over-the-counter medication-Washington State, 1991. MMWR 1991;40(10):161,167-168.

Anonymous. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Emergency Response Card. Hydrogen cyanide. Available at: www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/erc74-90-8pr.asp. Accessed February 8, 2004.

Baskin SI, Brewer TG. Cyanide poisoning. Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Chapter 10. The Virtual Naval Hospital. Available at: www.vnh.org/MedAspChemBioWar/chapters/chapter_10.hrm. Accessed February 22, 2004.

Bianco PJ, Rivero AJ. First case of illegal euthanasia in Spain: fatal oral potassium cyanide poisoning. Soud Lek 2004;49:30-33.

Borron SW, Baud FJ. Toxicity, cyanide. February 2003. Available at: www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic118.htm. Accessed 13 January 2004.

Carlsten C. The Bhopal disaster: prevention should have priority now. Int J Occup Environ Health 2003;9:93-94.

Chang SS, Chan YL, Wu ML, et al. Acute cycas seed poisoning in Taiwan. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:49-54.

Chemical Casualty Care Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Cyanide AC, CK. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense: Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition. The Virtual Naval Hospital Project, 1997-2004. Available at: www.vnh.org/CHEMCASU/03Cyanide.html. Accessed 13 January 2004.

Dorevitch S, Forst L, Conroy L, et al. Toxic inhalation fatalities of US construction workers, 1990 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44:657-662.

Gill JR, Marker E, Stajic M. Suicide by cyanide: 17 deaths. J Forensic Sci 2004;49:4:826-828.

Hall A, Rumack BH. Clinical toxicology of cyanide. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15:1067-1074.

Hantson P. Organ donation after fatal poisoning: an update with recent literature data. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;550:207-213.

Hasuike Y, Nakanishi T, Moriguchi R, et al. Accumulation of cyanide and thiocyanate in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1474-1479.

Klaassen CD. Nonmetallic environmental toxicants. Air pollutants, solvents and vapors, pesticides. Chapter 28 in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. 10th edition. Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001:1877-1902.

Labat L, Dumestre-Toulet V, Goulle JP, et al. A fatal case of mercuric cyanide poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2004;143:215-217.

Lam KK, Lau FL. An incident of hydrogen cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:172-175.

Meijster T, Burstyn I, van Wendel de Joode B, et al. Evaluating exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals during a new production process in the plastics industry. Ann Occup Hyg 2004;48:499-507.

Mokhlesi B, Leikin JB, Murray P, et al. Adult toxicology in critical care. Part II: specific poisonings. Chest 2003;123:897-922.

Musshoff F, Schmidt P, Daldrup T, et al. Cyanide fatalities: case studies of four suicides and one homicide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2002;23:315-320.

Mutlu GM, Leikin JB, Oh K, et al. An unresponsive biochemistry professor in the bathtub. Chest 2002;122:1073-1076.

Naguib M. The pharmacology of commonly used chemical agents. Semin Anesth Perioper Med Pain 2003;22:230-238.

Parrish JS, Bradshaw DA. Toxic inhalational injury: gas, vapor and vesicant exposure. Respir Care Clin North Am 2004;10:43-58.

Peddy S, Rigby M, Shaffner D. Acute Cyanide Poisoning. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:79-82.

Rachinger J, Fellner FA, Stieglbauer K, et al. MR changes after acute cyanide intoxication. Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1398-1401.

Rella J, Marcus S, Wagner BJ. Rapid cyanide detection using the Cyantesmo® kit. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:897-900.

Riordan M, Rylance G, Berry K. Poisoning in children 5: rare and dangerous poisons. Arch Dis Child 2002;87:407-410.

Salkowski AA, Penney DG. Cyanide poisoning in animals and humans: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol 1994;36:455-466.

Shusterman D, Hargis C. Surrogate laboratory measures of cyanide intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1994;24:537-538.

Sipe EK, Trienski RL, Porter JM. Cyanide toxicity in the surgical intensive care unit: a case report. Am Surg 2001;67:684-686.

Sousa AB, Manzano H, Soto BB, et al. Toxicokinetics of cyanide in rats, pigs and goats after oral dosing with potassium cyanide. Arch Toxicol 2003;77:330-334.

Spinello IM, Dellinger RP. Management of poisoning and overdose in the intensive care unit. Clin Pulm Med 2002;9:213-220.

Sriramachari S. The Bhopal gas tragedy: an environmental disaster. Current Science 2004;86:905-920.

Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:353-421.

Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, et al. 2003 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2004;22:335-404.

World Health Organization. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides: human health aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 61. World Health Organization. Geneva, 2004.

Young S, Balluz L, Malilay J. Natural and technologic hazardous material releases during and after natural disasters. A review. Science of the Total Environment 2004;322:3-20.

2. Citations on Smoke Inhalation-Associated Cyanide Poisoning

Alarie Y. Toxicity of fire smoke. Crit Rev Toxicol 2002;32:259-289.

Alarie YC, Anderson RC. Toxicologic and acute lethal hazard evaluation of thermal decomposition products of synthetic and natural polymers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979;51:341-362.

Alcorta R. Smoke inhalation and acute cyanide poisoning. JEMS 2004;29(suppl):6-15.

Anderson RA, Harland WA. Fire deaths in the Glasgow area: III. The role of hydrogen cyanide. Med Sci Law 1982;22:35-40.

Ballantyne B. Hydrogen cyanide as a product of combustion and a factor in morbidity and mortality from fires. Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. B Ballantyne and TC Marrs, eds. Wright, Bristol, UK, 1987:248-291.

Barillo DJ, Good R, Rush BJ Jr, et al. Lack of correlation between carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide in smoke inhalation injury. Curr Surg 1986;43:421-423.

Barillo DJ, Goode R, Esch V. Cyanide poisoning in victims of fire: analysis of 364 cases and review of the literature. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994;15:46-57.

Barillo DJ, Goode R. Fire fatality study: demographics of fire victims. Burns 1996;22:85-88.

Baud F, Barriot P, Toffis V, et al. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1761-1766.

Baud F, Barriot P, Riou B, et al. Authors' Reply to Strickland A et al. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1362.

Becker CE. The role of cyanide in fires. Vet Hum Toxicol 1985;27:487-490.

Bell RH, Stemmer KL, Barkley W, et al. Cyanide toxicity from the thermal degradation of rigid polyurethane foam. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1979;40:757-762.

Bertol E, Mari F, Orzalesi G, et al. Combustion products from various kinds of fibers: toxicological hazards from smoke exposure. Forensic Sci Int 1983;22:111-116.

Birky MM, Clarke FB. Inhalation of toxic products from fires. Bull NY Acad Med 1981;57:997-1013.

Bolstad-Johnson DM, Burgess JL, Crutchfield CD, et al. Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. AIHAJ 2000;61:636-641.

Brandt-Rauf PW, Fallon LF Jr, Tarantini T, et al. Health hazards of firefighters: exposure assessment. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:606-612.

Bryson DD. Cyanide and fire victims. Lancet 1988; October 1:796.

Buchwald A. Cyanide toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:176.

Buehler JH, Berns AS, Webster JR, et al. Lactic acidosis from carboxyhemoglobinemia after smoke inhalation. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:803-805.

Campbell A. Hospital management of poisoning in victims suffering from smoke inhalation. Emerg Nurse 2000;8:12-16.

Cassuto J, Tarnow P. The discotheque fire in Gothenburg 1998. A tragedy among teenagers. Burns 2003;29:405-416.

Chaturvedi AK, Sanders DC, Endecott BR, et al. Exposures to carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and their mixtures: interrelationship between gas exposure concentration, time to incapacitation, carboxyhemoglobin, and blood cyanide in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1995;15:357-363.

Chaturvedi AK, Smith DR, Canfield DV. Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentrations in the fatalities of fire and non-fire associated civil aviation accidents, 1991-1998. Forensic Sci Int 2001;1221:183-188.

Clark CJ, Campbell D, Reid WH. Blood carboxyhaemoglobin and cyanide levels in fire survivors. Lancet 1981; 1(8234):1332-1335.

Clark CJ, Campbell D. Reply to Bryson. Lancet 1988; October 1:796.

Cohen MA, Guzzardi LJ. Inhalation of products of combustion. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:628-632.

Cohen MA, Guzzardi LJ. Toxic smoke inhalation and cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 1988;6:203-205.

Copeland AR. Accidental fire deaths. The 5-year Metropolitan Dade County experience from 1979 until 1983. Z Rechtsmed 1985;94:71-79.

Crapo RO. Smoke-inhalation injuries. JAMA 1981;246:1694-1696.

Decker WJ, Garcia-Cantu A. Toxicology of fires: an emerging clinical concern. Vet Hum Toxicol 1986;28:431-433.

Djerad A, Monier C, Houze P, et al. Effects of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis on the distribution of cyanide into the rat brain. Toxicol Sci 2001;61:273-282.

Einhorn IN. Physiological and toxicological aspects of smoke produced during the combustion of polymeric materials. Environ Health Perspect 1975;11:163-189.

Esposito FM, Alarie Y. Inhalation toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide gases released during thermal decomposition of polymers. J Fire Sci 1988;6:195-242.

Ferrari LA, Arado MG, Giannuzzi L, et al. Hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide in blood of convicted dead in a polyurethane combustion: a proposition for the data analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2001;121:140-143.

Gill JR, Goldfeder LB, Stajic M. The happy land homicides: 87 deaths due to smoke inhalation. J Forensic Sci 2003;48:161-163.

Gregory KL, Malinoshi VF, Sharp CR. Cleveland Clinic Fire Survivorship Study, 1929-1965. Arch Environ Health 1969;18:508-515.

Hall AH, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Suspected cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation: complications of sodium nitrite therapy. Journal de Toxicologie Clinique et Expérimentale 1989;9:3-9.

Hartzell GE, Switzer WG, Priest DN. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: V. Mathematical modeling of intoxication of rats by combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide atmospheres. Journal of Fire Sciences 1985;3:330-342.

Hoffman RS, Sauter D. Methemoglobinemia resulting from smoke inhalation. Vet Hum Toxicol 1989;31:168-170.

Jones GRN. Cyanide and fire victims. Lancet 1988;2(8608):457.

Jones J, McMullen MJ, Dougherty J. Toxic smoke inhalation: cyanide poisoning in fire victims. Am J Emerg Med 1987;5:317-321.

Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW. Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1413-1418.

Koschel MJ. Where there's smoke, there may be cyanide. Am J Nurs 2002;102:39-42.

Kulig K. Cyanide antidotes and fire toxicology. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1801-1802.

Kulling P. Hospital treatment of victims exposed to combustion products. Toxicol Lett 1992;64-65 Spec No:283-289.

Langford RM, Armstrong RF. Algorithm for managing injury from smoke inhalation. BMJ 1989;299:902-905.

Lee-Chiong TL. Smoke inhalation injury. Postgrad Med 1999;105:55-62.

Lees PS. Combustion products and other firefighter exposures. Occup Med 1995;10:691-706.

Levin BC, Rechani PR, Gurman JL, et al. Analysis of carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide in blood from victims of the Dupont Plaza hotel fire in Puerto Rico. J Forensic Sci 1990;35:151-168.

Levin BC, Paabo M, Gurman JL, et al. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987;9:236-250.

Lindsay AE, Greenbaum AR, O'Hare D. Analytical techniques for cyanide in blood and published blood cyanide concentrations from healthy subjects and fire victims. Analytica Chimica Acta 2004;511:185-195.

Lundquist P, Rammer L, Sörbo B. The role of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide in fire casualties: a prospective study. Forensic Sci Int 1989;48:9-14.

Mayes RW. The toxicological examination of the victims of the British Air Tours Boeing 737 accident at Manchester in 1985. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:179-184.

McGrwin G, Chapman V, Rousculp M, et al. The epidemiology of fire-related deaths in Alabama, 1992-1007. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000;21:75-83.

Moore SJ, Norris JC, Walsh DA, et al. Antidotal use of methemoglobin forming cyanide antagonists in concurrent carbon monoxide/cyanide intoxication. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;242:70-73.

Moore SJ, Ho IK, Hume AS. Severe hypoxia produced by concomitant intoxication with sublethal doses of carbon monoxide and cyanide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991;109:412-420.

Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Potential for error when assessing blood cyanide concentrations in fire victims. J Forensic Sci 2001;46:1421-1425.

Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Chemical factors affecting the interpretation of blood cyanide concentrations in fire victims. Leg Med 2003;5:S113-S117.

Myers RA. Treatment protocol for smoke inhalation victims. Occup Health Saf 1980;49:56-57, 59-60.

Noguchi TT, Eng JJ, Klatt EC. Significance of cyanide in medicolegal investigations involving fires. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1988;9:304-309.

Norris JC, Moore SJ, Hume AS. Synergistic lethality induced by the combination of carbon monoxide and cyanide. Toxicology 1986;40:121-129.

O'Flaherty EJ, Thomas WC. The cardiotoxicity of hydrogen cyanide as a component of polymer pyrolysis smokes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982;63:373-381.

Okae M, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Cyanide, carboxyhemoglobin and blood acid-base state in animals exposed to combustion products of various combinations of acrylic fiber and gauze. Forensic Sci Int 1989;42:33-41.

Pane GA, Mohler SR, Hamilton GC. The Cincinnati DC-9 experience: lessons in aircraft and airport safety. Aviat Space Environ Med 1985;56:457-461.

Pane GA. Toxic smoke inhalation and aircraft fires. Am J Emerg Med 1988;6:82.

Paul K. Behavior of plastics and rubber foams in fire. Chem Ind 1983;2:63-72.

Prien T, Traber DL. Toxic smoke compounds and inhalation injury-a review. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1988;14:451-460.

Purser DA, Grimshaw P, Berrill KR. Intoxication by cyanide in fires: a study in monkeys using polyacrylonitrile. Arch Environ Health 1984;39:394-400.

Purser D. Behavioural impairment in smoke environments. Toxicology 1996;115:25-40.

Riddle K. Hydrogen cyanide: fire smoke's silent killer. JEMS 2004;29(suppl):5.

Salomone J III, Sohn AP, Ritzlin R, et al. Correlations of injury, toxicology, and cause of death to Galaxy Flight 203 crash site. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:1403-1415.

Shiono H, Maseda C, Akane A, et al. Rapid and sensitive quantitation of cyanide in blood and its application to fire victims. Forensic Toxicology 1991;12:50-53.

Shusterman DJ. Clinical smoke inhalation injury: systemic effects. Occup Med 1993;8:469-503.

Shusterman D, Alexeeff G, Hargis C, et al. Predictors of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide exposure in smoke inhalation patients. Clin Toxicol 1996;34:61-71.

Silverman SH, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, et al. Cyanide toxicity in burned patients. J Trauma 1988;28:171-176.

Smith RL, Syed A. A scare of cyanide poisoning. Br J Clin Pract 1983 July/August:245-248.

Stefanidou M, Athanaselis S. Toxicological aspects of fire. Vet Hum Toxicol 2004;46:196-199.

Stevenson RN, Kingswood C, Cohen SL, et al. Cyanide and fire victims. Lancet 1988;2(8620):1145.

Strickland A, Wang RY, Hoffman RS. Blood cyanide concentrations after smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1362.

Symington IS, Anderson RA, Thomson I, et al. Cyanide exposure in fires. Lancet 1978;2(8080):91-92.

Teige B, Lundevall J, Fleischer E. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in fire victims and in cases of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning. Z Rechtsmed 1977;80:17-21.

Terrill JB, Montgomery RR, Reinhardt CF. Toxic gases from fires. Science 1978;200:1343-1347.

Turrina S, Neri C, De Leo D. Effect of combined exposure to carbon monoxide and cyanides in selective forensic cases. J Clin Forensic Med 2004;11:264-267.

Wetherell HR. The occurrence of cyanide in the blood of fire victims. J Forensic Sci 1966;11:167-173.

Yeoh MJ, Braitberg G. Carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning in fire-related deaths in Victoria, Australia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:855-863.

Yoshida M, Adachi J, Watabiki T, et al. A study on house fire victims: age, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen cyanide and hemolysis. Forensic Sci Int 1991;52:13-20.

3. Citations on Cyanide/Chemical Terrorism

Anonymous. Chemical casualties. Cyanogen agents. J R Army Med Corps 2002;148:383-386.

Anonymous. National terror alert: terrorism survival guide-facts about cyanide. Available at: www.nationalterroralert.com/readyguide/cyanide.htm. Accessed 26 January 2004.

Baker DJ. Management of casualties from terrorist chemical and biological attack: A key role for the anaesthetist. Br J Anaesth 2002;89:211-214.

Bismuth C, Borron SW, Baud F, et al. Chemical weapons: Documented use and compounds on the horizon. Toxicol Lett 2004;149:11-18.

Burda AM, Sigg T. Pharmacy preparedness for incidents involving weapons of mass destruction. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2001;58:2274-2284.

Burda AM, Sigg T. Pharmacy preparedness for incidents involving nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. J Pharm Pract 2004;17:251-265.

Caldicott DGE, Edwards NA. The tools of the trade: weapons of mass destruction. Emerg Med 2002;14:240-248.

Chemical terrorism fact sheet. St. Louis University School of Public Health, September 2002. Available at http://www.slu.edu/colleges/sph/csbei/bioterrorism/other/arsines.pdf. Accessed 23 January 2004.

Ciraulo DL, Frykberg ER, Feliciano DV, et al. A survey assessment of the level of preparedness for domestic terrorism and mass casualty incidence among Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma members. J Trauma 2004;56:1033-1039.

Dart RC, Stark Y, Fulton B, et al. Insufficient stocking of poisoning antidotes in hospital pharmacies. JAMA 1996;276:1508-1510.

De Lorenzo RA. Cyanide. The deadly terror weapon that every EMS provider must know about. JEMS 1999;24:54-58, 60-61, 64-65.

Eckstein M. Cyanide as a chemical terrorism weapon. JEMS 2004;29(suppl):22-31.

Endom EE. Clinical pediatric emergency medicine: Pediatric issues in disaster management. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2002;3:215-216.

George G, Ramsay K, Rochester M, et al. Facilities for decontamination in accident and emergency departments in the United Kingdom. Emerg Med J 2002;19:453-457.

Georgopoulos PG, Fedele P, Shade P, et al. Hospital response to chemical terrorism: personal protective equipment, training, and operations plan. Am J Indus Med 2004;46:432-445.

Gevirtz C. Preparing your anesthesia department for radiologic, biologic, and chemical attack. Semin Anesth Perioper Med Pain 2003;22:278-285.

Goozner B, Lutwick LI, Bourke E. Chemical terrorism: a primer for 2002. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2002;13:14-18.

Greenfield RA, Brown BR, Hutchins JB, et al. Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism. Am J Med Sci 2002;323:326-340.

Keim ME, Pesik N, Twum-Danso NA. Lack of hospital preparedness for chemical terrorism in a major US city: 1996-2000. Prehospital Disaster Med 2003;18:193-199.

Kenar L, Karayilanoglu T. Prehospital management and medical intervention after a chemical attack. Emerg Med J 2004;21:84-88.

Khan AS, Levitt AM, Sage MJ, et al. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. MMWR 2000;49(RR04):1-14.

Kiang JG, Warke VG, Tsokos GC. NaCN-induced chemical hypoxia is associated with altered gene expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;254:211-216.

Lazarus AA, Devereaux A. Potential agents of chemical warfare. Worst-case scenario protection and decontamination methods. Postgrad Med 2002;112:133-140.

Leikin JB, McFree RB, Walter FG, et al. The initial approach to a chemical and nuclear terrorism event. Clin Occup Environ Med 2003;3:477-505.

Martin CO, Adams HP. Neurological aspects of biological and chemical terrorism. Arch Neurol 2003;60:21-25.

Mrvos R, Piposzar JD, Stein TM, et al. Regional pharmaceutical preparation for biological and chemical terrorism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:17-21.

Noeller TP. Biological and chemical terrorism: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med 2001;68:1001-1016.

Orloff K. An overview of chemical terrorism agents. Available at www.phppo.cdc.gov/nltn/pdf/2003/chem.terror_3.pdf. Accessed 26 January 2004.

Ramirez JG, Bacon DR. Modern chemical warfare agents: the anesthesiologist's perspective. Semin Anesth Perioper Med Pain 2003;22:239-246.

Redlener I, Markenson D. Disaster and terrorism preparedness: what pediatricians need to know. Dis Mon 2004;50:6-40.

Reilly CM, Deason D. How would you respond to a chemical release? Nursing 2003;33:36-42.

Richards CF, Burstein JB, Waeckerle JF, et al. Emergency physicians and biological terrorism. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34:183-190.

Riley B. The toxicology and treatment of injuries from chemical warfare agents. Curr Anaest Crit Care 2003;14:149-154.

Roche K, McCay CA, Bayer MJ. Hospital antidote stocking subsequent to the 2001 terror acts. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:719. Congress Abstract.

Rotenberg JS. Cyanide as a weapon of terror. Pediatr Ann 2003;32:236-240.

Ryan ML, Arnold TC. Hospital antidote stocking. Are we ready? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:706. Congress Abstract.

Salem H. Issues in chemical and biological terrorism. Int J Toxicol 2003;22:465-471.

Shenoi R. Chemical warfare agents. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2002;3:239-247.

Smith KJ, Skelton H. Chemical warfare agents: their past and continuing threat and evolving therapies. Skinmed 2003;2:215-221.

Stewart CE. Chemical and biological warfare: improvisational agents. Emerg Med Serv 2002;31:88-90.

Sudhir G, Sharma RK. Germ and chemical warfare: an overall view. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2002;6:199-203.

Sullivan JB Jr, Stewart C, Phillips S. Weapons of mass destruction. Chemical agents. Clin Occup Environ Med 2002;2:263-277.

Teresi WM, King WD. Survey of the stocking of poison antidotes in Alabama hospitals. South Med J 1999;92:1151-1156.

Tur-Kaspa I, Lev EI, Hendler I, et al. Preparing hospitals for toxicological mass casualties events. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1004-1008.

Wong SHY. Challenges of toxicology for the millennium. Ther Drug Monit 2000;22:52-57.

Woolf AD, Chrisanthus K. On-site availability of selected antidotes: results of a survey of Massachusetts hospitals. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:62-66.

4. Citations on Management of Acute Cyanide Poisoning

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Medical management guidelines for hydrogen cyanide. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg8.html. Accessed February 1, 2004.

Baud FJ, Borron SW, Mégarbane B, et al. Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning. Crit Care Med 2002;30:2044-2050.

Beasley DM, Glass WI. Cyanide poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations. Occup Med 1998;48:427-431.

Bhattacharya R, Kumar D, Sugendran K, et al. Acute toxicity studies of alpha-ketoglutarate: a promising antidote for cyanide poisoning. J Appl Toxicol 2001;21:495-499.

Bhattacharya R, Lakshmana PV, Vijayaraghavan R. In vitro and in vivo attenuation of experimental cyanide poisoning by ?-ketoglutarate. Toxicol Lett 2002;128:185-195.

Borron SW, Baud FJ. Acute cyanide poisoning: clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and treatment. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 1996;47:307-322.

Borron SW, Mégarbane B, Baud FJ. Letter to the editor. Case 6-2004: Severe burns from a nightclub fire. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2314.

Bryant S, Singer J. Management of toxic exposure in children. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2003;21:101-119.

Covejoy JC. Initial approach to patient management after large-scale disasters. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2002;3:217-233.

Cummings TF. The treatment of cyanide poisoning. Occup Med 2004;54:82-85.

Donoghue AM. Alternative methods of administering amyl nitrite to victims of cyanide poisoning. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:147.

Gracia R, Shepherd G. Cyanide poisoning and its treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:1358-1365.

Holland MA, Kozlowski LM. Clinical features and management of cyanide poisoning. Clin Pharm 1986;5:737-741.

Horton DK, Berkowitz Z, Kaye WE. Secondary contamination of ED personnel from hazardous materials events, 1995-2001. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21;199-204.

Hurlbut K, Tong TG, Sullivan JB Jr. Pharmacotherapy for the toxicity of hazardous materials. Clin Occup Environ Med 2002;2:299-312.

Kales SN, Christiani DC. Acute chemical emergencies. N Engl J Med 2004;350:800-808.

Kales SN, Christiani DC. Reply to Nogué-Xarau et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2103-2104.

Landrigan PJ, Kimmel CA, Correa A, et al. Children's health and the environment: health issues and challenges for risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:257-265.

Lynch EL, Thomas TL. Pediatric considerations in chemical exposures: Are we prepared? Pediatr Emerg Care 2004;20:198-206.

Marrs TC. Antidotal treatment of acute cyanide poisoning. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 1988;7:179-206.

Mégarbane B, Delahaye A, Goldgran-Tolédano D, et al. Antidotal treatment of cyanide poisoning. J Chin Med Assoc 2003;66:193-203.

Niknahad H, Ghelichkhani E. Antagonism of cyanide poisoning by dihydroxyacetone. Toxicol Lett 2002;95-100.

Nogué-Xarau S, Dueñas A, Burillo G. Letter to the Editor. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2103.

Rella JG, Marcus S, Wagner BJ. Rapid cyanide detection using the Cyantesmo kit. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:736. Congress Abstract.

Sheridan R, Schulz J, Ryan C. The discussants reply. Case 6-2004: Severe burns from a nightclub fire. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2314.

Weger NP. Treatment of cyanide poisoning with 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP)-experimental and clinical overview. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1983;3:387-396.

Wurzburg H. Treatment of cyanide poisoning in an industrial setting. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996;38:44-47.

5. Citations on Cyanide Antidotes

Astier A, Baud FJ. Simultaneous determination of hydroxocobalamin and its cyanide complex cyanocobalamin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to pharmacokinetic studies after high-dose hydroxocobalamin as an antidote for severe cyanide poisoning. J Chromatogr 1995;667:129-135.

Bailey B. Are there teratogenic risks associated with antidotes used in the acute management of poisoned pregnancy women? Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:133-140.

Baud FJ, Favier C, Borron-SW, et al. Clinical safety of high doses of hydroxocobalamin in fire victims. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001;39:267.

Borron SW, Vicaut E, Ruttimann M, et al. Biological tolerance of hydroxocobalamin in fire victims intoxicated by cyanide. Intensive Care Medicine 1997;23:S181.

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